Research Article | Open Access | Download PDF
Volume 16 | Issue 1 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJPTT-V16I1P402 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/22492615/IJPTT-V16I1P402PulseIQ-Integrated Computational Intelligence for Implicit State Recognition
Gudala Babu Pradeep, Bandaru Esther Sunanda, Mohammed Maimoona Tanveer, Mycharla Bhavya Sree, Nambari Aswini, Nammi Venkata Chandini
| Received | Revised | Accepted | Published |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19 Feb 2026 | 26 Mar 2026 | 13 Apr 2026 | 30 Apr 2026 |
Citation :
Gudala Babu Pradeep, Bandaru Esther Sunanda, Mohammed Maimoona Tanveer, Mycharla Bhavya Sree, Nambari Aswini, Nammi Venkata Chandini, "PulseIQ-Integrated Computational Intelligence for Implicit State Recognition," International Journal of P2P Network Trends and Technology (IJPTT), vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 8-15, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22492615/IJPTT-V16I1P402
Abstract
In recent times, people are paying more attention to their health, but stress and sleep-related issues are still increasing due to busy schedules, academic pressure, and improper rest. To address this problem, the proposed system PulseIQ focuses on monitoring stress and sleep conditions using Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The system is designed using a pulse rate sensor connected to a NodeMCU (ESP8266) module, which continuously collects real-time heart rate data. The collected data is transmitted to a Python-based system where it is stored and processed for further analysis. From this data, HRV features are extracted to understand the user’s physiological conditions related to stress and sleep. Machine learning algorithms such as Decision Tree and Random Forest are applied to classify stress levels and estimate sleep states. The dataset used for training is updated regularly to improve the performance and accuracy of the model. A simple user interface is also developed, where users can enter their basic details like name, age, and gender. The system displays real-time predictions along with graphical representations, making it easy to understand the results. Overall, the proposed system provides an affordable and efficient solution for continuous health monitoring, helping users detect stress early and manage their sleep patterns effectively. This system can also be useful in future healthcare applications.
Keywords
Beats Per Minute (BPM) Analysis, Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning, NodeMCU ESP8266, Pulse Rate Sensor, Real-Time Monitoring, Sleep State Monitoring, Stress Level Monitoring.
References
[1] U. Rajendra
Acharya et al., “Heart Rate Variability: A Review,” Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol. 44, no. 12,
pp. 1031-1051, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[2] Fred Shaffer,
and Jay P. Ginsberg, “An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms,”
Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 5,
pp. 1-17, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[3] Kayisan M.
Dalmeida, and Giovanni L. Masala, “HRV Features as Viable Physiological Markers
for Stress Detection Using Wearable Devices,” Sensors, vol. 21, pp. 1-18, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[4] J.A. Healey,
and R.W. Picard, “Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using
Physiological Sensors,” IEEE Transactions
on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 156-166, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[5] Martin
Gjoreski et al., “Continuous Stress Detection Using a Wrist Device: In
Laboratory and Real Life,” Proceedings of
the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous
Computing: Adjunct, pp. 1185-1193, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[6] Kwang Bok
Kim, and Hyun Jae Baek, “Photoplethysmography in Wearable Devices: A
Comprehensive Review of Technological Advances, Current Challenges, and Future
Directions,” Electronics, vol. 12,
no. 13, pp. 1-24, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[7] Thomas
Penzel et al., “Cardiovascular and Respiratory Dynamics during Normal and
Pathological Sleep,” Chaos, vol. 17,
no. 1, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[8] Akane Sano,
and Rosalind W. Picard, “Stress Recognition using Wearable Sensors and Mobile
Phones,” Humaine Association Conference
on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 671-676, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[9] Shyamal
Patel et al. “A Review of Wearable Sensors and Systems with Application in
Rehabilitation,” Journal of
Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, vol. 9, pp. 1-17, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[10] Ivan
Dotsinsky, ““Review of "Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis,”
by Gari D. Clifford, Francisco Azuaje and Patrick E. McSharry (Editors).”” BioMedical Engineering OnLine, vol. 6,
pp. 1-3, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[11] Prosanta
Gope, and Tzonelih Hwang “BSN-Care: A Secure IoT-based Modern Healthcare System
Using Body Sensor Network,” IEEE Sensors
Journal, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1368-1376, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[12] Jonghwa Kim,
and Elisabeth André, “Emotion Recognition Based on Physiological Changes in
Music Listening,” IEEE Transactions On
Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, vol. 30, vol. 12, pp. 2067-2083,
2008.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[13] Eman M.G.
Younis et al., “Machine Learning for Human Emotion Recognition: A Comprehensive
Review,” Neural Computing and
Applications, vol. 36, no. 16, pp. 8901-8947, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[14] Mustafa
Radha et al., “Sleep Stage Classification from Heart-Rate Variability using
Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks,” Scientific
Reports, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[15] V. Subha
Ramya, and J. Bethanney Janney, “Stress Detection Using Physiological Signals
and Machine Learning,” Twelfth
International Conference on Bio Signals, Images, and Instrumentation, pp.
1-5, 2026.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[16] Karen
Hovsepian et al., “cStress: Towards a Gold Standard for Continuous Stress
Assessment in the Mobile Environment,” Proceedings
of the ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 2015, pp.
493-504, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[17] Muhammad Zubair, and Changwoo Yoon, “Multilevel Mental
Stress Detection Using Ultra-Short Pulse Rate Variability Series,” Biomedical
Signal Processing and Control, vol. 57,
2020.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[18] Rossana Castaldo et al., “Heart Rate Variability
Analysis and Performance during a Repeated Mental Workload Task,” European Medical and Biological Engineering
Conference, pp. 69-72, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[19] Nandita
Sharma, and Tom Gedeon, “Objective Measures, Sensors and Computational
Techniques for Stress Recognition and Classification: A Survey,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine,
vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 1287-1301, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[20] Mohammed
Faraz Uddin et al., “Real Time Heart Rate Monitoring System,” International Journal of Information
Technology and Computer Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 271-279, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Publisher
Link]
[21] G.
Giannakakis et al., “Stress and Anxiety Detection Using Facial Cues from
Videos,” Biomedical Signal Processing and
Control, vol. 31, pp. 89-101, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[22] Alexandros
Zenonos et al., “HealthyOffice: Mood Recognition at Work Using Smartphones and
Wearable Sensors,” IEEE International
Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops, pp. 1-6,
2016.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[23] Najat Boufa
et al., “IoT-Based Patient Health Monitoring System Using NodeMCU,” Surman Journal of Science and Technology,
vol. 7, pp. 129-144, 2025.
[Google
Scholar] [Publisher
Link]
[24] R. Rajani,
and C.H. Vasavi, “ML-Based Stress Detection via Heart Rate Variability,” International Journal of Engineering and
Techniques, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 239-250, 2024.
[Publisher
Link]
[25] Moein Razavi et al., “Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Data
Preprocessing Techniques for Detecting, Predicting, and Monitoring Stress and
Stress-Related Mental Disorders: Scoping Review,” JMIR Mental Health, vol. 11, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google
Scholar] [Publisher Link]